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Range of Motion

What is Range Of Motion (ROM)?

Normally a joint can move in a particular direction and to a certain limit of motion based on the joint structure, tendon tension, and flexibility of the surrounding muscles.

ROM is the movement of a joint to the extent possible without causing pain.

Surfing is one of the few sports that moves most joints while surfing.

ROM: Measurements

Measurements of a person’s ROM can be done Passively (PROM) or Actively (AROM):

PROM: is the amount of motion at a given joint when moved by an outside force. In other words, PROM involves someone else moving a joint for you.

AROM: is the amount of movement at a joint reached when a person tightens their own muscles. In other words, AROM means you move a joint through its range of motion without help.

What Causes a Lack in ROM:

Trauma, illness, and disease can affect a joint’s structure and surrounding tissues:

  • If tendons are damaged due to injury or disease – the tendon can not pull to produce movement.
  • Muscle weakness or loss of strength can prevent full movement.
  • Edema, contractures (soft tissue shortening) and scar tissue can cause limitations to movement.

Pain is another possible cause of movement limitations.

Pain

  • Pain or the fear of pain may effect a person’s willingness to move.
  • Pay attention to pain. If an athlete is experiencing pain, stop the activity and re-engage with a new method.
  • If the athlete experiences increased pain, stop and make adaptations to the activity or environment as needed, or switch up the activity if possible.

Assessing Non-Verbal Signs of Pain

  • Facial grimacing or a frown
  • Watery eyes or wrinkled forehead
  • Writhing or constant shifting
  • Groaning or whimpering
  • Restlessness and agitation
  • Appearing uneasy or tense, perhaps drawing their legs up or kicking
  • Guarding the area of pain or withdrawing from touch to that area

While volunteering with someone with limited ROM, always:

  • Water can be freeing for a person that has limited ROM as it creates a certain weightlessness and has a therapeutic effect that can reduce swelling, pain and other factors.
  • Provide moral support and encouragement during the activity.
  • Encourage independence as much as possible. Let the participant try a new activity or movement by themselves.
  • Ask how you can help.
    • Often AccesSurfers have developed a system that has worked well for them already.
    • Don’t assume each person needs help in the same way.

How can ROM affect a person’s performance in the water?

How does limited ROM affect an athlete in the water? Think about it.

  • How do you use your shoulders, elbows, wrists, hands, hips, knees, ankles, feet and other joints while in the water?
  • If you were unable to rotate your shoulders, how could you paddle out?
  • If you were unable to extend your elbows, how could you pop up on your board?

We are going to go over how to compensate for these limitations below.

Limited ROM

A person with limited ROM might have difficulty putting on and taking off garments such as rash guards, helmets or PFD. They may not be able to reach the handles on a board see in from of them. Paddling may be difficult or awkward.

Remember before you help someone, ask if they would like help.

Ways to Help Don Water Apparel

  • To help someone put on their rash guard or PFD, always start with their affected arm.
  • Rash guard: Help the athlete thread their affected arm through the sleeve. Then pull the shirt over their head. Now have them thread their less affected arm into the other sleeve.
  • PFD: First place their affected arm through the arm hole. Then place the rest of the PFD behind their body, have them reach for it and put their strong arm into the other arm hole.
  • You might need to help an athlete buckle their PFD or helmet straps.

ROM: Measurements

Measurements of a person ROM can be done Passively (PROM) or Actively (AROM):

PROM: is the amount of motion at a given joint when moved by an outside force.

In other words, PROM involves someone else moving a joint for you.

AROM: is the amount of movement at a joint reached when a person tightens their own muscles.

In other words, AROM means you move a joint through its range of motion without help.

What causes a lack in ROM:

Trauma, illness, and disease can affect a joints structure and surrounding tissues

  • If tendons are damaged due to injury or disease – the tendon can not pull to produce movement
  • Muscle weakness or loss of strength can prevent full movement
  • Edema, contractures (soft tissue shortening) and scar tissue can cause limitations to movement

Pain is another possible cause of movement limitations.

Pain

  • Pain or the fear of pain may effect a persons’ willingness to move.
  • Pay attention to pain, if an athlete is experiencing pain, stop the activity and re-engage with a new method.
  • If the athlete experiences increased pain, stop and make adaptations to the activity or environment if needed, or, switch up the activity if possible.

Assessing non-verbal signs of pain

  • Facial grimacing or a frown
  • watery eyes, or wrinkled forehead
  • Writhing or constant shifting
  • Groaning or whimpering
  • Restlessness and agitation
  • Appearing uneasy or tense, perhaps drawing their legs up or kicking
  • Guarding the area of pain or withdrawing from touch to that area

While volunteering with someone with limited ROM always:

  • Water can be freeing for a person that has limited ROM as it creates a certain weightlessness and has a therapeutic effect that can reduce swelling, pain and other factors.
  • Provide moral support and encouragement during the activity.
  • Encourage independence as much as possible. Let the participant try a new activity or movement by themselves.
  • Ask how you can help.
    • Often AccesSurfers have developed a system that has worked well for them already.
    • Don’t assume each person needs help in the same way.

How ROM can affect a person’s performance in the water 

How does limited ROM affect an athlete in the water? Think about it.

  • How do you use your shoulders, elbows, wrists, hands, hips, knees, ankles, feet and other joints while in the water?
  • If you were unable to rotate your shoulders, how could you paddle out?
  • If you were unable to extend your elbows, how could you pop up on your board?

We are going to go over how to compensate for these limitations below

Limited ROM

A person with limited ROM might have difficulty putting on and taking off garments such as rash guards, helmets or PFD. They may not be a able to reach the handles on a board. Paddling may be difficult or awkward. Balance and maneuverability may be limited.

Remember before you help someone, ask if they would like help.

Ways to help your Athlete to don water apparel

  • To help someone put on their rash guard of PFD always start with their affected arm.
  • Rash guard: Help the athlete thread their affected arm through the sleeve. Then pull the shirt over their head. Now have them thread their less affected arm into the other sleeve.
  • PFD: First place their affected arm through the arm hole. Then place the rest of the PFD behind their body, have them reach for it and put their strong arm into the other arm hole.
  • You might need to help a athlete buckle their PFD or helmet straps

What to Look for While Paddling

Athlete could be:

  • Unable to lift their arm over their head or reach their arm forward
  • Dragging their hands or arms in the water
  • Observe neck extension and their ability to turn their neck
  • The limited range in the  hip and knee joints could affect the person’s ability to straighten their body and could pose stress or pain on other joints above and below (lower back)
  • Making small circles or strokes

Example of full ROM

Ways to help your Athlete paddle

While out on the water offer assistance:

  • A two-person kayak or double wave ski is a great way for you to take on more paddling and to give the athlete a break.
  • As a surf instructor you can hop on your athlete’s board and help paddle with them.

Positioning is key:

  • People with limited ROM might need to change seated positioning often to reduce pain and discomfort.
  • A chest wedge can reduce neck and lower back strain as well as elevate an athlete’s chest so they are in a better position for paddling.
  • A great way to compensate for limited ROM and strength is to use built-up handles or other items (ace wrap) so the athlete can hold onto their paddles.

Limited ROM and Popping Up

Limited ROM can effect how a person pops up on their surf board.

There are many different ways an athlete can pop up. For example, if an athlete has limited wrist ROM how could they pop up? Think about it, get creative.

One way they could pop up is – while laying on their stomach, rest their elbows under their shoulders with their forearms on the board. Then to pop up, they could press their forearms into the board  and lift their head and chest off the board.

Transfers

Someone with limited ROM might have difficulty getting form point A to point B.

Re-familiarize yourself with transfers section in this virtual manual. There are many different ways we can get athletes in and out of the water.

When deciding which transfer technique is best, give your athlete options, let them have a choice in which method they feel comfortable with.

Ways to Help Participants Get Around

  • Ask the athlete how you can assist them.
  • When you are on the beach, use the blue mat walkway to transport your athlete.
  • Always try and position the athlete so that they will transfer to their stronger side.
  • If you are required to lift an athlete be sure to have 4 people:
    • 2 people to lift the participant
    • 1 to assist with wheelchair, beach chair, or pool lift
    • 1 to assist with lower body as needed

Remember this will be explained again and in more detail during your on-the-job training.

Some Conditions That Affect ROM

  • Arthritis: osteoarthritis and rheumatoid
  • Muscular dystrophy
  • Multiple sclerosis
  • Cerebral palsy
  • Spinal cord injury
  • Traumatic or acquired brain injury
  • Amputation
  • Stroke
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